How much of a PV module can be recycled?

Demonstration projects at SolarWorld and commercial-scale recycling operations at First Solar have shown that 84% to 90% by weight of a PV module can be recycled (Larsen 2009). If a system transfers ownership, it is important to consider how warranties are handled.

Which inverter is required for a combined PV and storage system?

Combined PV and storage system topologies will generally require a bi-directional inverter, either as the primary inverter solution (DC-coupled) or in addition to the unidirectional PV inverters (AC-coupled).

What happens if a micro-inverter is not used in a PV system?

If micro-inverters are not used, the PV system will have both AC and DC components. The DC system determines system power capacity and energy production, whereas the inverter and the AC system has the greatest impact on system reliability.

How should a PV system be retrofitted?

The designer should specify PV modules with high ratings for both uplift and down-force pressure. Some of these installation measures could be retrofit as part of making a system more resilient to extreme weather. Some practical O&M considerations include: Carefully inspect and re-torque all fasteners.

How does recyclability affect end-of-life PV waste management?

Such foresight in recyclability and management of substances may affect the eventual cost and benefits of end-of-life PV waste management. During project permitting, decommissioning plans may include site-restoration requirements and financial mechanisms to deal with recycling or proper disposal of waste.

Should a PV O&M plan include decommissioning?

Include decommissioning in the PV O&M plan and/or asset management. The residential and small commercial O&M focus is on fleet performance goals rather than individual systems; meeting performance warranties of individual systems to meet customer satisfaction goals should be balanced against cost and cash-flow optimization.